-Martinez et al., 2013). Cytokines and gene expression patterns reported by these authors can’t be assigned to microglia due to the fact they don’t use purified microglia or microglial homogeneous cell lines. The dissociation of LM innate immune responses in microglia that we report in this study seems to correlate with the heterogenicity of microglia responses because LM infection may select a specific microglia population (Scheffel et al., 2012). In addition, this microglia strategy soon after infection with LM appears to preserve the delicate brain balance and highlights the function of microglia in stopping microbiological infections that may exacerbate neurodegenerative processes (Dedoni et al., 2010; Dramsi et al., 1998).AcknowledgmentGrant sponsor: Spanish Secretary of State for Research and Innovation; Grant quantity: BIO2002-0628, SAF2006-08968, SAF2009-08695, SAF2012-34203; Grant sponsor: IFIMAV; Grant number: API2010/03/SAF2009-08695. The authors thank M. Garcia-Gil for supplying the murine neuron HN9 cells. They’re indebted to D. Fernandez (Progenika S.A. Bilbao. Spain) for gene expression evaluation and R. Tobes and E. Pareja (Era7 Information and facts Technologies SL. Granada. Spain) for the design and style of bioinformatics models. In addition they acknowledge A. San Nicolas-Gomez, L. BronchaloVolume 62, No.Frande-Cabanes et al.: Microglia, the Innate Immune CellsVicente, and L. Alvarez-Montes for fantastic technical assistance and J.C. Zabala (UC Santander) for laboratory assistance. Additionally they thank S. Ribes, JP Gorvel, and M. Fresno for important comments around the manuscript, and appreciate A. Tenner’s interest in our study.Drevets DA, Schawang JE, Dillon MJ, Lerner MR, Bronze MS, Brackett DJ. 2008. Innate responses to systemic infection by intracellular bacteria trigger recruitment of Ly-6Chigh monocytes for the brain. J Immunol 181:529?36. Greter M, Merad M. 2013. Regulation of microglia improvement and homeostasis. Glia 61:121?27. Hanisch UK. 2002. Microglia as a supply and target of cytokines. Glia 40: 140?55. Herskovits AA, Auerbuch V, Portnoy DA. 2007. Bacterial ligands generated within a phagosome are targets in the cytosolic innate immune program. PloS Pathogens three:e51. Join-Lambert OF, Ezine S, Le Monnier A, Jaubert F, Okabe M, Berche P, Kayal S. 2005. Listeria monocytogenes-infected bone marrow myeloid cells market bacterial invasion in the central nervous system. Cell Microbiol 7: 167?80. Jun CD, Kim SH, Soh CT, Kang SS, Chung HT. Nitric oxide mediates the toxoplasmastatic activity of murine microglial cells in vitro. 1993. Immunol Invest 22:487?01. Kaur C, Hao AJ, Wu CH, Ling EA.1445951-89-2 web 2001.Benzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde Data Sheet Origin of microglia. Microsc Res Tech 1:2?. Leber JH, Crimmins GT, Raghavan S, Meyer-Morse NP, Cox JS, Portnoy DA. 2008. Distinct TLR- and NLR-mediated transcriptional responses to an intracellular pathogen.PMID:33645409 PloS Pathogens 4:e6. Lopez-Fanarraga M, Carranza G, Bellido J, Kortazar D, Villegas JC, Zabala JC. 2007. Tubulin cofactor B plays a role in the neuronal development cone. J Neurochem 100:1680?687. MacMicking J, Xie QW, Nathan C. 1997. Nitric oxide and macrophage function. Ann Rev Immunol 15:323?50. McCaffrey RL, Fawcett P, O’Riordan M, Lee KD, Havell EA, Brown PO, Portnoy DA. 2004. A precise gene expression program triggered by grampositive bacteria in the cytosol. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 101:11386?1391. Mostowy S, Sancho-Shimizu V, Hamon MA, Simeone R, Brosch R, Johansen T, Cossart P. 2011. P62 and NDP52 proteins target intracytosolic Shigella and Listeria to different autophagy pat.